.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

==================
PCI Error Recovery
==================


:Authors: - Linas Vepstas <linasvepstas@gmail.com>
          - Richard Lary <rlary@us.ibm.com>
          - Mike Mason <mmlnx@us.ibm.com>


Many PCI bus controllers are able to detect a variety of hardware
PCI errors on the bus, such as parity errors on the data and address
buses, as well as SERR and PERR errors.  Some of the more advanced
chipsets are able to deal with these errors; these include PCIe chipsets,
and the PCI-host bridges found on IBM Power4, Power5 and Power6-based
pSeries boxes. A typical action taken is to disconnect the affected device,
halting all I/O to it.  The goal of a disconnection is to avoid system
corruption; for example, to halt system memory corruption due to DMAs
to "wild" addresses. Typically, a reconnection mechanism is also
offered, so that the affected PCI device(s) are reset and put back
into working condition. The reset phase requires coordination
between the affected device drivers and the PCI controller chip.
This document describes a generic API for notifying device drivers
of a bus disconnection, and then performing error recovery.
This API is currently implemented in the 2.6.16 and later kernels.

Reporting and recovery is performed in several steps. First, when
a PCI hardware error has resulted in a bus disconnect, that event
is reported as soon as possible to all affected device drivers,
including multiple instances of a device driver on multi-function
cards. This allows device drivers to avoid deadlocking in spinloops,
waiting for some i/o-space register to change, when it never will.
It also gives the drivers a chance to defer incoming I/O as
needed.

Next, recovery is performed in several stages. Most of the complexity
is forced by the need to handle multi-function devices, that is,
devices that have multiple device drivers associated with them.
In the first stage, each driver is allowed to indicate what type
of reset it desires, the choices being a simple re-enabling of I/O
or requesting a slot reset.

If any driver requests a slot reset, that is what will be done.

After a reset and/or a re-enabling of I/O, all drivers are
again notified, so that they may then perform any device setup/config
that may be required.  After these have all completed, a final
"resume normal operations" event is sent out.

The biggest reason for choosing a kernel-based implementation rather
than a user-space implementation was the need to deal with bus
disconnects of PCI devices attached to storage media, and, in particular,
disconnects from devices holding the root file system.  If the root
file system is disconnected, a user-space mechanism would have to go
through a large number of contortions to complete recovery. Almost all
of the current Linux file systems are not tolerant of disconnection
from/reconnection to their underlying block device. By contrast,
bus errors are easy to manage in the device driver. Indeed, most
device drivers already handle very similar recovery procedures;
for example, the SCSI-generic layer already provides significant
mechanisms for dealing with SCSI bus errors and SCSI bus resets.


Detailed Design
===============

Design and implementation details below, based on a chain of
public email discussions with Ben Herrenschmidt, circa 5 April 2005.

The error recovery API support is exposed to the driver in the form of
a structure of function pointers pointed to by a new field in struct
pci_driver. A driver that fails to provide the structure is "non-aware",
and the actual recovery steps taken are platform dependent.  The
arch/powerpc implementation will simulate a PCI hotplug remove/add.

This structure has the form::

	struct pci_error_handlers
	{
		int (*error_detected)(struct pci_dev *dev, pci_channel_state_t);
		int (*mmio_enabled)(struct pci_dev *dev);
		int (*slot_reset)(struct pci_dev *dev);
		void (*resume)(struct pci_dev *dev);
		void (*cor_error_detected)(struct pci_dev *dev);
	};

The possible channel states are::

	typedef enum {
		pci_channel_io_normal,  /* I/O channel is in normal state */
		pci_channel_io_frozen,  /* I/O to channel is blocked */
		pci_channel_io_perm_failure, /* PCI card is dead */
	} pci_channel_state_t;

Possible return values are::

	enum pci_ers_result {
		PCI_ERS_RESULT_NONE,        /* no result/none/not supported in device driver */
		PCI_ERS_RESULT_CAN_RECOVER, /* Device driver can recover without slot reset */
		PCI_ERS_RESULT_NEED_RESET,  /* Device driver wants slot to be reset. */
		PCI_ERS_RESULT_DISCONNECT,  /* Device has completely failed, is unrecoverable */
		PCI_ERS_RESULT_RECOVERED,   /* Device driver is fully recovered and operational */
	};

A driver does not have to implement all of these callbacks; however,
if it implements any, it must implement error_detected(). If a callback
is not implemented, the corresponding feature is considered unsupported.
For example, if mmio_enabled() and resume() aren't there, then it
is assumed that the driver does not need these callbacks
for recovery.  Typically a driver will want to know about
a slot_reset().

The actual steps taken by a platform to recover from a PCI error
event will be platform-dependent, but will follow the general
sequence described below.

STEP 0: Error Event
-------------------
A PCI bus error is detected by the PCI hardware.  On powerpc, the slot
is isolated, in that all I/O is blocked: all reads return 0xffffffff,
all writes are ignored.

Similarly, on platforms supporting Downstream Port Containment
(PCIe r7.0 sec 6.2.11), the link to the sub-hierarchy with the
faulting device is disabled. Any device in the sub-hierarchy
becomes inaccessible.

STEP 1: Notification
--------------------
Platform calls the error_detected() callback on every instance of
every driver affected by the error.

At this point, the device might not be accessible anymore, depending on
the platform (the slot will be isolated on powerpc). The driver may
already have "noticed" the error because of a failing I/O, but this
is the proper "synchronization point", that is, it gives the driver
a chance to cleanup, waiting for pending stuff (timers, whatever, etc...)
to complete; it can take semaphores, schedule, etc... everything but
touch the device. Within this function and after it returns, the driver
shouldn't do any new IOs. Called in task context. This is sort of a
"quiesce" point. See note about interrupts at the end of this doc.

All drivers participating in this system must implement this call.
The driver must return one of the following result codes:

  - PCI_ERS_RESULT_RECOVERED
      Driver returns this if it thinks the device is usable despite
      the error and does not need further intervention.
  - PCI_ERS_RESULT_CAN_RECOVER
      Driver returns this if it thinks it might be able to recover
      the HW by just banging IOs or if it wants to be given
      a chance to extract some diagnostic information (see
      mmio_enable, below).
  - PCI_ERS_RESULT_NEED_RESET
      Driver returns this if it can't recover without a
      slot reset.
  - PCI_ERS_RESULT_DISCONNECT
      Driver returns this if it doesn't want to recover at all.

The next step taken will depend on the result codes returned by the
drivers.

If all drivers on the segment/slot return PCI_ERS_RESULT_CAN_RECOVER,
then the platform should re-enable IOs on the slot (or do nothing in
particular, if the platform doesn't isolate slots), and recovery
proceeds to STEP 2 (MMIO Enable).

If any driver requested a slot reset (by returning PCI_ERS_RESULT_NEED_RESET),
then recovery proceeds to STEP 4 (Slot Reset).

If the platform is unable to recover the slot, the next step
is STEP 6 (Permanent Failure).

.. note::

   The current powerpc implementation assumes that a device driver will
   *not* schedule or semaphore in this routine; the current powerpc
   implementation uses one kernel thread to notify all devices;
   thus, if one device sleeps/schedules, all devices are affected.
   Doing better requires complex multi-threaded logic in the error
   recovery implementation (e.g. waiting for all notification threads
   to "join" before proceeding with recovery.)  This seems excessively
   complex and not worth implementing.

   The current powerpc implementation doesn't much care if the device
   attempts I/O at this point, or not.  I/Os will fail, returning
   a value of 0xff on read, and writes will be dropped. If more than
   EEH_MAX_FAILS I/Os are attempted to a frozen adapter, EEH
   assumes that the device driver has gone into an infinite loop
   and prints an error to syslog.  A reboot is then required to
   get the device working again.

STEP 2: MMIO Enabled
--------------------
The platform re-enables MMIO to the device (but typically not the
DMA), and then calls the mmio_enabled() callback on all affected
device drivers.

This is the "early recovery" call. IOs are allowed again, but DMA is
not, with some restrictions. This is NOT a callback for the driver to
start operations again, only to peek/poke at the device, extract diagnostic
information, if any, and eventually do things like trigger a device local
reset or some such, but not restart operations. This callback is made if
all drivers on a segment agree that they can try to recover and if no automatic
link reset was performed by the HW. If the platform can't just re-enable IOs
without a slot reset or a link reset, it will not call this callback, and
instead will have gone directly to STEP 3 (Link Reset) or STEP 4 (Slot Reset).

.. note::

   On platforms supporting Advanced Error Reporting (PCIe r7.0 sec 6.2),
   the faulting device may already be accessible in STEP 1 (Notification).
   Drivers should nevertheless defer accesses to STEP 2 (MMIO Enabled)
   to be compatible with EEH on powerpc and with s390 (where devices are
   inaccessible until STEP 2).

   On platforms supporting Downstream Port Containment, the link to the
   sub-hierarchy with the faulting device is re-enabled in STEP 3 (Link
   Reset). Hence devices in the sub-hierarchy are inaccessible until
   STEP 4 (Slot Reset).

   For errors such as Surprise Down (PCIe r7.0 sec 6.2.7), the device
   may not even be accessible in STEP 4 (Slot Reset). Drivers can detect
   accessibility by checking whether reads from the device return all 1's
   (PCI_POSSIBLE_ERROR()).

.. note::

   The following is proposed; no platform implements this yet:
   Proposal: All I/Os should be done _synchronously_ from within
   this callback, errors triggered by them will be returned via
   the normal pci_check_whatever() API, no new error_detected()
   callback will be issued due to an error happening here. However,
   such an error might cause IOs to be re-blocked for the whole
   segment, and thus invalidate the recovery that other devices
   on the same segment might have done, forcing the whole segment
   into one of the next states, that is, link reset or slot reset.

The driver should return one of the following result codes:
  - PCI_ERS_RESULT_RECOVERED
      Driver returns this if it thinks the device is fully
      functional and thinks it is ready to start
      normal driver operations again. There is no
      guarantee that the driver will actually be
      allowed to proceed, as another driver on the
      same segment might have failed and thus triggered a
      slot reset on platforms that support it.

  - PCI_ERS_RESULT_NEED_RESET
      Driver returns this if it thinks the device is not
      recoverable in its current state and it needs a slot
      reset to proceed.

  - PCI_ERS_RESULT_DISCONNECT
      Same as above. Total failure, no recovery even after
      reset driver dead. (To be defined more precisely)

The next step taken depends on the results returned by the drivers.
If all drivers returned PCI_ERS_RESULT_RECOVERED, then the platform
proceeds to either STEP 3 (Link Reset) or to STEP 5 (Resume Operations).

If any driver returned PCI_ERS_RESULT_NEED_RESET, then the platform
proceeds to STEP 4 (Slot Reset)

STEP 3: Link Reset
------------------
The platform resets the link.  This is a PCIe specific step
and is done whenever a fatal error has been detected that can be
"solved" by resetting the link.

STEP 4: Slot Reset
------------------

In response to a return value of PCI_ERS_RESULT_NEED_RESET, the
platform will perform a slot reset on the requesting PCI device(s).
The actual steps taken by a platform to perform a slot reset
will be platform-dependent. Upon completion of slot reset, the
platform will call the device slot_reset() callback.

Powerpc platforms implement two levels of slot reset:
soft reset(default) and fundamental(optional) reset.

Powerpc soft reset consists of asserting the adapter #RST line and then
restoring the PCI BARs and PCI configuration header to a state
that is equivalent to what it would be after a fresh system
power-on followed by power-on BIOS/system firmware initialization.
Soft reset is also known as hot-reset.

Powerpc fundamental reset is supported by PCIe cards only
and results in device's state machines, hardware logic, port states and
configuration registers to initialize to their default conditions.

For most PCI devices, a soft reset will be sufficient for recovery.
Optional fundamental reset is provided to support a limited number
of PCIe devices for which a soft reset is not sufficient
for recovery.

If the platform supports PCI hotplug, then the reset might be
performed by toggling the slot electrical power off/on.

It is important for the platform to restore the PCI config space
to the "fresh poweron" state, rather than the "last state". After
a slot reset, the device driver will almost always use its standard
device initialization routines, and an unusual config space setup
may result in hung devices, kernel panics, or silent data corruption.

This call gives drivers the chance to re-initialize the hardware
(re-download firmware, etc.).  At this point, the driver may assume
that the card is in a fresh state and is fully functional. The slot
is unfrozen and the driver has full access to PCI config space,
memory mapped I/O space and DMA. Interrupts (Legacy, MSI, or MSI-X)
will also be available.

Drivers should not restart normal I/O processing operations
at this point.  If all device drivers report success on this
callback, the platform will call resume() to complete the sequence,
and let the driver restart normal I/O processing.

A driver can still return a critical failure for this function if
it can't get the device operational after reset.  If the platform
previously tried a soft reset, it might now try a hard reset (power
cycle) and then call slot_reset() again.  If the device still can't
be recovered, there is nothing more that can be done;  the platform
will typically report a "permanent failure" in such a case.  The
device will be considered "dead" in this case.

Drivers typically need to call pci_restore_state() after reset to
re-initialize the device's config space registers and thereby
bring it from D0\ :sub:`uninitialized` into D0\ :sub:`active` state
(PCIe r7.0 sec 5.3.1.1).  The PCI core invokes pci_save_state()
on enumeration after initializing config space to ensure that a
saved state is available for subsequent error recovery.
Drivers which modify config space on probe may need to invoke
pci_save_state() afterwards to record those changes for later
error recovery.  When going into system suspend, pci_save_state()
is called for every PCI device and that state will be restored
not only on resume, but also on any subsequent error recovery.
In the unlikely event that the saved state recorded on suspend
is unsuitable for error recovery, drivers should call
pci_save_state() on resume.

Drivers for multi-function cards will need to coordinate among
themselves as to which driver instance will perform any "one-shot"
or global device initialization. For example, the Symbios sym53cxx2
driver performs device init only from PCI function 0::

	+       if (PCI_FUNC(pdev->devfn) == 0)
	+               sym_reset_scsi_bus(np, 0);

Result codes:
	- PCI_ERS_RESULT_DISCONNECT
	  Same as above.

Drivers for PCIe cards that require a fundamental reset must
set the needs_freset bit in the pci_dev structure in their probe function.
For example, the QLogic qla2xxx driver sets the needs_freset bit for certain
PCI card types::

	+	/* Set EEH reset type to fundamental if required by hba  */
	+	if (IS_QLA24XX(ha) || IS_QLA25XX(ha) || IS_QLA81XX(ha))
	+		pdev->needs_freset = 1;
	+

Platform proceeds either to STEP 5 (Resume Operations) or STEP 6 (Permanent
Failure).

.. note::

   The current powerpc implementation does not try a power-cycle
   reset if the driver returned PCI_ERS_RESULT_DISCONNECT.
   However, it probably should.


STEP 5: Resume Operations
-------------------------
The platform will call the resume() callback on all affected device
drivers if all drivers on the segment have returned
PCI_ERS_RESULT_RECOVERED from one of the 3 previous callbacks.
The goal of this callback is to tell the driver to restart activity,
that everything is back and running. This callback does not return
a result code.

At this point, if a new error happens, the platform will restart
a new error recovery sequence.

STEP 6: Permanent Failure
-------------------------
A "permanent failure" has occurred, and the platform cannot recover
the device.  The platform will call error_detected() with a
pci_channel_state_t value of pci_channel_io_perm_failure.

The device driver should, at this point, assume the worst. It should
cancel all pending I/O, refuse all new I/O, returning -EIO to
higher layers. The device driver should then clean up all of its
memory and remove itself from kernel operations, much as it would
during system shutdown.

The platform will typically notify the system operator of the
permanent failure in some way.  If the device is hotplug-capable,
the operator will probably want to remove and replace the device.
Note, however, not all failures are truly "permanent". Some are
caused by over-heating, some by a poorly seated card. Many
PCI error events are caused by software bugs, e.g. DMAs to
wild addresses or bogus split transactions due to programming
errors. See the discussion in Documentation/arch/powerpc/eeh-pci-error-recovery.rst
for additional detail on real-life experience of the causes of
software errors.


Conclusion; General Remarks
---------------------------
The way the callbacks are called is platform policy. A platform with
no slot reset capability may want to just "ignore" drivers that can't
recover (disconnect them) and try to let other cards on the same segment
recover. Keep in mind that in most real life cases, though, there will
be only one driver per segment.

Now, a note about interrupts. If you get an interrupt and your
device is dead or has been isolated, there is a problem :)
The current policy is to turn this into a platform policy.
That is, the recovery API only requires that:

 - There is no guarantee that interrupt delivery can proceed from any
   device on the segment starting from the error detection and until the
   slot_reset callback is called, at which point interrupts are expected
   to be fully operational.

 - There is no guarantee that interrupt delivery is stopped, that is,
   a driver that gets an interrupt after detecting an error, or that detects
   an error within the interrupt handler such that it prevents proper
   ack'ing of the interrupt (and thus removal of the source) should just
   return IRQ_NOTHANDLED. It's up to the platform to deal with that
   condition, typically by masking the IRQ source during the duration of
   the error handling. It is expected that the platform "knows" which
   interrupts are routed to error-management capable slots and can deal
   with temporarily disabling that IRQ number during error processing (this
   isn't terribly complex). That means some IRQ latency for other devices
   sharing the interrupt, but there is simply no other way. High end
   platforms aren't supposed to share interrupts between many devices
   anyway :)

.. note::

   Implementation details for the powerpc platform are discussed in
   the file Documentation/arch/powerpc/eeh-pci-error-recovery.rst

   As of this writing, there is a growing list of device drivers with
   patches implementing error recovery. Not all of these patches are in
   mainline yet. These may be used as "examples":

   - drivers/scsi/ipr
   - drivers/scsi/sym53c8xx_2
   - drivers/scsi/qla2xxx
   - drivers/scsi/lpfc
   - drivers/next/bnx2.c
   - drivers/next/e100.c
   - drivers/net/e1000
   - drivers/net/e1000e
   - drivers/net/ixgbe
   - drivers/net/cxgb3

   The cor_error_detected() callback is invoked in handle_error_source() when
   the error severity is "correctable". The callback is optional and allows
   additional logging to be done if desired. See example:

   - drivers/cxl/pci.c

The End
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